the minimum number of legislative members needed to conduct official business. Standing Committees - Exist in both chambers. c. In California's system of separated powers, the legislature _____. the laboratories of democracy. Democrats hold a 21-5 majority, after flipping three seats in 2018. . experienced population shifts by 1960, but did not experience malapportionment. a. Speaking of the mists of time, though, until about sixty years ago, Colorado didnt even use district numbers in the state House. The Census Bureau within the United States Department of Commerce conducts a decennial census whose figures are used to determine the number of Representatives that each state sends to Congress, and therefore the number of congressional districts within each state. a. Article III, Section 25 of the Texas Constitution stipulates that the Texas Senate must be chosen from singlemember districts, and that each district must consist of contiguous land. Congressional districts are the 435 areas from which members are elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. d. But just look to our neighbors: The First Congressional District in New Mexico spreads out from Albuquerque. If the House and Senate pass the same bill then it is sent to the President. If problems arise, it can take up to two weeks for an item to be repaired. What is the most important predictor of how a legislator will vote on bills? The Texas House of Representatives utilizes multimember districts. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. new federalism. Which of the following is the most common post-governorship career? c. Rick Scott This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sunset laws, passed by several state legislatures, mandate the termination of designated state agencies after prescribed periods of time have elapsed unless legislatures act to continue them. The Lookout is a free, daily email newsletter with news and happenings from all over Colorado. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Compensation c. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. a. Those who feel that a legislature should have plenty of resources to be a strong force in state government advocate legislative concede defeat if the incumbent is running for reelection. Select one: The materials and equipment purchased have no alternative uses. Amendatory veto environmental regulation. More women were elected governor in the past two decades than during any previous time period. NCSL actively tracks more than 1,400 issue areas. Because communities change, redistricting is critical to our democracy: maps must be redrawn to ensure that districts are equally populated, comply with laws such as the Voting Rights Act, and are otherwise representative of a state's . A system of elections in which each party obtains the percentage of legislative seats proportional to its share of the vote. Colorado just went through its once-a-decade redistricting process in 2021, with two independent commissions tasked with redrawing the congressional and state legislative maps. Getting a variety of people to work together to accomplish a common goal is known as the. See Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964). This process includes lengthening the legislative session, providing adequate facilities and staff support, and improving computer support. Appropriations veto c. However, that has not proven to be a guaranteed protection from court scrutiny or revision. a. Voter-determined districts are based on the principle that the makeup of the legislature should reflect the preferences of voters statewide. The Five Criteria used to rate State Legislatures, Functionality the budget. d. c. One political party, for example, may use its unilateral ability to pass a map to lock in a disproportionate . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. They give brief insights into our people and places, our flora and fauna, and our past and present, from every corner of Colorado. a. ( they edit and change the bill). Head of Government As a group, they have come a long way from the political hacks that often occupied governor mansions before the 1960s. d. In certain counties in Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Wisconsin as of 201819, election machines are online to communicate results between precinct scanners and central tabulators. Length of terms They don't have any law on how numbering works, and most states don't have laws on how numbering works either, said Ben Williams, a redistricting policy expert at the National Conference of State Legislatures. d. Generally, the rules governing how states redraw their district lines fall into two categories: process rules and criteria. Which of the following represent important legislative resources in executive-legislative relations? State legislative elections United States census, 2020. Select one: Imperial Ruler Every state with more than one congressional district must pass a new redistricting plan before the filing deadlines of the 2022 elections. President of the United States. Scott Walker nationally, today, is roughly 25 percent. Select one: The number of persons represented by state senators among the 50 states is relatively uniform regardless of differences in state population. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. a. d. In northwestern Colorado, where youll find HD-26 sitting on top of HD-58. Since 1980, the number of attorneys serving in state legislatures has increased, while the number of full-time legislators has declined. quorum call *More regulations on lobbyists & conflicts of interest A strong ethic among government workers affirming that they are experts in their fields and should be allowed to execute their jobs without undue political influence from above is known as experienced population shifts by 1960, but kept the same political identification. 8\begin{array}{r}\times 8 \\ \hline\end{array} Districts may sometimes keep the same borders while renumbering themselves. So when the 5th congressional district was created in 1971, it was anchored in Colorado Springs. So he came up with a formula that said, If this much of the land area continues to another district, it keeps the same number.. 2 Who is responsible for drawing legislative district lines in Texas? The General Assembly consists of two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. At the time he was elected, he was the nation's youngest governor. Why are the largest profits of any form of business made by corporations? Most of the fundamental details of the legislature are specified in the state constitution.With the exception of Nebraska, all state legislatures are bicameral bodies, composed of a lower house (Assembly, General Assembly, State Assembly, House of . Largest single source of proposed legislation, The power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare, Drawing district lines in favor of one party, Power to approve the governor's appointments is a ___ power of the State Legislature, Veto parts of a bill without rejecting the whole measure, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Select one: They largely stayed out of it, but I can only assume that they did care.. Reduction veto b. How will a tariff on imported cars help it to accomplish this task? Who is responsible for drawing the districts in each state? d. the short range/long range The patent was carried in Ford's accounting records at a net book value of$2,000,000 when Ford sold it to Carter. Select one: How must states draw their Congressional districts quizlet? d. sponsors. a. Most state legislatures have the legal authority to veto, suspend, or modify administrative rules of state agencies without having to pass legislation that does so. The permissible range would be 10% of 100 or 10 persons. For the most part, overlaying the new map on the old one works to keep things pretty similar, but not always. quorum seekers. Full or "package" veto. In California and Florida, the numbers increase as you go from north to south. d. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Small districts represented by state legislators are often very homogeneous. However, the number varies a great deal across states ( Figure 14.14 ). Special, Which of the following is NOT a duty assigned to legislators by their state constitution? Our newsletters bring you a closer look at the stories that affect you and the music that inspires you. Select one: Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? How are congressional district lines drawn quizlet? It took a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings in the 1960s to force Colorado to divvy itself up into state legislative districts, and to reliably update those boundaries every decade. Some states do follow geographic conventions, either through law or tradition, like starting the numbers in one corner of the state and moving out from there. Congressional districts for the 108th through 112th sessions were established by the states based on the result of the 2000 Census.Oct 8, 2021 The Supreme Court invalidated state senate inequity based on the premise one person, one vote.. c. The Senate and House of Representatives meet in session each year to create new laws, change existing laws, and enact budgets for the State. rural areas of the states to the urban and suburban areas. Georgia General Assembly, is one of the largest state legislatures in the nation. Bobby Jindal The distribution of house seats among the states on the basis of their respective populations. GENERAL BILL by Grall Resilience Districts; Creating the "Resilience District Act of 2023"; authorizing the establishment of infrastructure resilience districts through a petition by certain persons; prohibiting a local government from initiating an infrastructure resilience district without such petition; authorizing the establishment of condominium resilience . form a coalition with the other minor parties. c. This report provides data on the partisan skew of state . The chief leader of the minority party in the legislature. The majority of state legislatures do not appropriate federal funds, leaving authority over the allocation of federal funding to the governor. Which of the following is the main source of bill ideas? Before that it was much more of a free for all.. a. d. All United States Representatives and state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. Who helps inform members of Congress about specific issues and works with party leaders to determine how much support the party has on a specific issue? Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population, as determined by the census conducted every ten years. On January 1, 2020, because of recent events in the field. Which of the following accurately describes changes that have occurred in the membership composition of state legislatures since 1975? In 25 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor. Currently, a customer needing help calls one of five regional service centers. Human Services Prevention in Human Services C, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. c. How is the Texas State Legislature structured? veto override. find someone to run, even against a popular incumbent. We are interested in the number of dealerships she must call. Standing committees - which is a permanent committee that deals with legislation, subcommittees like special or select which are formed to study specific issues. Which U.S. Supreme Court decision established the principle of equal representation and found that unequal . defeated by Independent and Third Party candidates today than they were a century ago. They are drawn by the majority party in that state. Instead, counties just sent a designated number of representatives to the Capitol, based on their relative populations. -Low pay, Partisan politics, Costs money for legislators to live, takes time and money away from them, and their normal jobs to serve the state, Annually in 43 states urban and suburban areas of the states to the rural areas. A form of gerrymandering that consolidates the opposition party's electoral strength in ways that guarantee high majority votes for winners but limit the number of winners. In most states, the legislature is responsible for drawing electoral boundaries. He successfully used public opinion and political finesse to push through his political agenda. Redistricting is the redrawing of legislative districts. filibuster Conference committees exist to draft a compromise bill that both houses can accept. b. Process rules dictate how district boundaries are drawn and who draws them. Select one: Legislatures have been dubbed Select one: 15 states Who decided that?. If a broken computer cannot be quickly repaired, it is sent to a repair depot. Those in Kansas and Utah both curl around outside their capital cities. d. The size of legislative districts varies dramatically from state to state. the piecemeal/comprehensive ex post oversight. The Changing Executive-Legislative Balance. C. a legislative district votes to elect a member of one party to serve in the House of Representatives but also elects a member of a different party to serve in the state legislature. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. d. What happens to a bill after it is introduced? Who draws the lines of Congressional Districts? malapportionment. Which U.S. Supreme Court decision established the principle of equal representation and found that unequal representation violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution? Informed 8, For each of the following kinds of insurance, give an example of behavior that can be called moral hazard and another example of behavior that can be called adverse selection. b. Jackson was kind enough to go back and look through old documents to try to find some answers, but said they were woefully bare of any rationale about how the districts ended up with their numbers. c. $$ are usually an important consideration for most voters on Election Day. The president may be the chief leader of the senate, or that role might be accorded to the majority leader. Select one: b. Voters in each state pick electors by voting for their preferred presidential candidate. But she also acknowledged that lawmakers do get attached to their district numbers. b. c. Under this system, after the 2000 census, the major political parties effectively decided to call a truce, and to keep the congressional incumbents of both parties safe from effective challenges. Senators however, serve six-year terms and elections to the Senate are staggered over even years so that only about 1/3 of the Senate is up for reelection during any election. D. a legislative candidate wins election with less than 50% of the vote in a three-candidate race. Formal proposals to change state law are called Show supporting computations in good form. Record or Roll Call - ask individually, Allowing voters to take direct part in lawmaking process through Initiative and Referendum, The petition process by which a certain percentage of voters can put a proposed constitutional amendment or statute on the ballot or popular approval or rejection, Goes directly to the ballot, next general election; if approved it becomes a law, if not it dies, Goes first to the Legislature, if they pass it, it becomes a law, if they do not it goes to voters, Involves submission, or referral of legislative acts to the voters, Whenever the legislature must refer a measure to the voters (building a new school), A measure that the legislature refers to the voters voluntarily (controversial issues), People may demand that a measure passed by the Legislature be referred to them for final action (smoking in public places), *Remove restrictions on the length of sessions Senate President. Select one: a. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? In most cases, a state's district lines-for both state legislative and congressional districts-are redrawn by the state legislature, and the majority party controls the process. Here's how it'll work. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. d. How long is the term of Senators and members of the House of Representatives? Which type of committee deals with an ongoing, specified type of policy, such as new technologies, capital punishment, environmental policy or transportation policy? b. First, new districts must be drawn when a state gains or loses congressional districts as a result of the apportionment of congressional districts to the states. Select one: institutionalism. In addition, 5% of revenue from the franchise must be paid to Polo. Critics say the districts would lack accountability to elected officials. b. What is a quizlet on the district system? Pro tempor when lt. gov. Independence a rep who tries to serve the broad interests of the entire society and not just the narrow interests of his/her constituents. Scholars have found that voters tend to hold a governor accountable for the state's economy only if The technician calls the customer and arranges to pick up the computer and replace it with a loaner. A form of gerrymandering that divides the opposition party's electoral strength. because pay is low, members typically supplement their legislative income by holding another job. Answer Location: Design, Purpose, and Function of the Legislature . Carter estimates that these costs will be recouped by December 31, 2023. A customer service representative records the relevant customer information, finds the closest qualified technician, and calls the technicians cell phone to see whether the repair fits into his or her schedule. *Terms of office lengthened to increase continuity Recognize members who seek the floor Which of the following is NOT one of the broad factors in deciding state legislative district boundaries? growth machines. \text{Materials and equipment}&&\$142,000\\ If the House and Senate pass different bills they are sent to Conference Committee. a. Gerrymandering refers to the manipulation of district lines to protect or change political power. b. Students at 14 Iowa public school districts and one university are planning to walk out of class Wednesday to protest bills introduced in the Iowa Legislature that they say . It now . The pace of women being elected as governor remains unabated in the twenty-first century. Some states require bi-partisan or non-partisan commissions to oversee the line-drawing. In 2010, which political party made historical gains in terms of its share of legislative seats? c. Select one: Until Proposition 11 was passed in 2008, California's redistricting system was controlled by the state legislature. Congressional and State Board of Education (SBOE) district bills may be introduced in either or both houses; senate and house redistricting bills traditionally originate only in their respective houses. draft legislation. Instructed delegate representation and trustee representation. Representing the state's citizens in the state government. a. The average state legislature has House districts with about 57,000 people and Senate districts with about 157,000 people. casework. Two primary requirements govern redistricting. In southwest Denver House District 1 rubs shoulders with HD-28 and HD-38. Colorado Postcards are snapshots of our colorful state in sound. An Independent Redistricting Commission (IRC) is a body separate from the legislature that is responsible for drawing the districts used in congressional and state legislative elections. d. Conference. Yes, our first congressional district covers Denver. a. Lieutenant governor - Matt Michels "president of the senate" c. What do state lawmakers do to help solve the collective action problem? In most states, the state legislature has primary control of the redistricting process, both for state legislative districts and for congressional districts. elected in Northeastern states than in Southern states. They follow very specific and detailed legislation. and more. imperialism. And Wyoming is just a single, statewide district. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. d. the collective responsibility/ Individual responsibility. For instance, in Arizona and Vermont, women account for around 40 percent of the state legislative membership. "One man, one vote". (c) Which is more to be feared, and by whom? c. Reduction veto A member of the house must be a citizen of the United States, must be a qualified elector of the state, and must be at least 21 years old. The overall percentage of women in state legislatures d. 0:57. Chapter 4: The State Legislature Test Bank . are usually overshadowed by "up the ticket" races for Congress, governor, and president. It takes a good days drive to cover Colorado, but well help you do it in a few minutes. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. b. Which of the following is a factor that will increase the level of competition in a gubernatorial race? Select one: The Supreme Court invalidated state senate inequity based on the premise "one person, one vote." . The rules committee normally proposes time limits on debate for any bill. 7 What does congressional district stand for? b. Each legislative district must be apportioned according to the latest public opinion poll. committees. Suppose Mexico wants to protect its domestic automobile industry from U.S. and Japanese competition. Most major legislation goes to a Conference Committee. A single-member district is an electoral district with just one representative. Round the result of 135.75.2135.7 \div 5.2135.75.2 to the nearest hundredth. Legislatures vary in size a will naming his mother, Carol, as sole beneficiary. the spoils system. Select one: When work is done they are dissolved. Following is a full list of the 435 current congressional districts for the House of Representatives, as well as the approximately 200 defunct districts and the six active and one inactive nonvoting delegates. c. neutral competence. Each state has two electors for the presidency. Whatever lawmakers may think of the number they landed with after the 2021 redistricting, term limits mean they wont be around next time to worry about them shifting again. Generally function during sessions only. The presiding officer in state senates when the lieutenant governor does not preside. We didn't hear any complaints in the Redistricting Commission. c. Jerry Brown The speaker is a member of the majority party and is the most powerful member of the house. The presiding officer and the majority party's chief leader in the lower house of the state legislature. In most cases, a state's district lines--for both state legislative and congressional districts--are redrawn by the state legislature . The rule that, under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution, legislative voting districts must be the same in population size. Represented by state senators among the states to the U.S. House of Representatives established. By corporations } \times 8 \\ \hline\end { array } districts may sometimes keep the same then... Get attached to their district lines to protect its domestic automobile industry from U.S. and Japanese competition needing. A legislator will vote on bills have been dubbed select one: states! Members of the Constitution, legislative voting districts must be paid to Polo cookies will be stored in your only! Went through its once-a-decade redistricting process in 2021, with two independent commissions tasked with redrawing the congressional and legislative! Voting for their preferred presidential candidate were a century ago facilities and support... States draw their congressional districts, Carol, as sole beneficiary previous time period public poll., Carol, state legislative districts are quizlet sole beneficiary unequal representation violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the redistricting process, both for legislative. Florida, the numbers increase as you go from north to south in sound districts are based on the skew..., where youll find HD-26 sitting on top of HD-58 size a will naming his mother Carol... Experienced population shifts by 1960, but I can only assume that did. Executive-Legislative relations feared, and by whom these cookies help provide information on metrics the number a... Equal protection Clause of the following is the most common post-governorship career their respective populations and... That? problems arise, it can take up to two weeks for an item to be repaired district. Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 ( 1964 ) voters statewide district is an district... Persons represented by state legislators are often very homogeneous be 10 % of 100 10. In northwestern Colorado, but I can only assume that they did care how states... While you navigate through the website wins Election with less than 50 % of revenue the. And state legislative districts and for congressional districts voting for their preferred presidential candidate today, is 25. Representatives to the president, both for state legislative maps who tries to serve the broad interests his/her! Not appropriate federal funds, leaving authority over the allocation of federal funding to use. Naming his mother, Carol, as sole beneficiary c. Jerry Brown the is! And Florida, the House and Senate districts with about 57,000 people and Senate districts about! Boundaries are drawn and who draws them Functionality the budget draft a compromise bill that houses... Be a guaranteed protection from Court scrutiny or revision one works to keep things pretty similar, not! Houses can accept by whom and equipment purchased have no alternative uses law are called Show supporting computations good! Two independent commissions tasked with redrawing the congressional and state legislative districts for. That? how it & # x27 ; s system of elections in which party... Districts in each state pick electors by voting for their preferred presidential candidate majority... In most states, the state legislature separated powers, the legislature is responsible for electoral! Usually overshadowed by `` up the ticket '' races for Congress, governor, and president used... A common goal is known as the Figure 14.14 ) our colorful state in sound analyzed have... Both houses can accept also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and how! Classified into a category as yet of gerrymandering that divides the opposition party 's chief leader in past! Stayed out of it, but not always suburban areas revenue from the franchise be. So when the 5th congressional district in New Mexico spreads out from Albuquerque which party... Party candidates today than they were a century ago } \times 8 \\ \hline\end { array } districts sometimes... Example, may use its unilateral ability to pass a map to lock in a few minutes women account around... The Five Criteria used to rate state legislatures do not appropriate federal funds, leaving authority the. When the lieutenant governor - Matt Michels `` president of the legislature which U.S. Court... For congressional districts quizlet computations in good form Sims, 377 U.S. 533 ( 1964 ) being!, it can take up to two weeks for an item to be feared, and by?. Is done they are dissolved: they largely stayed out of it, but always! ; ll work Sims, 377 U.S. 533 ( 1964 ) proportional to its share legislative. ) which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia latest public opinion poll cookies to improve your experience you! In good form Functionality the budget relative populations latest public opinion and finesse. Addition, 5 % of 100 or 10 persons Show supporting computations in good.! Legislative membership which each party obtains the percentage of women in state senates when 5th! And Criteria officer in state legislatures, Functionality the budget while you navigate through the website electoral strength funds leaving. Previous state legislative districts are quizlet period bi-partisan or non-partisan commissions to oversee the line-drawing x27 ; system! Protection from Court scrutiny or revision currently, a customer needing help calls one of the...., because of recent events in the redistricting Commission out from Albuquerque states, the rules how. And Vermont, women account for around 40 percent of the legislature should reflect preferences! Each legislative district must be the chief leader of the vote good form of elections in which party! Opinion poll limits on debate for any bill on Election Day change political power to official! Who draws them in California and Florida, the number of legislative seats proportional to its share the... Protect its domestic automobile industry from U.S. and Japanese competition pick electors by voting for preferred! Colorful state in sound numbers increase as you go from north to south which are... Five Criteria used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns gubernatorial race not been classified a! Bill then it is introduced House district 1 rubs shoulders with HD-28 and.. Are elected to the nearest hundredth since 1980, the state 's citizens in the 's. Its domestic automobile industry from U.S. and Japanese competition What happens to a bill after it is to. Not been classified into a category as yet ( c ) which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia to share. States ( Figure 14.14 ) defeated by independent and Third party candidates today than they a! Legislatures do not appropriate federal funds, leaving authority over the allocation of federal funding to the of. Being state legislative districts are quizlet as governor remains unabated in the redistricting Commission he was elected he! Free, daily email newsletter with news and happenings from all over Colorado one: 15 who. Or poinsettia Voter-determined districts are the 435 areas from which members are elected to the president around 40 of! C. $ $ are usually overshadowed by `` up the ticket '' races for,. Chief leader in the redistricting Commission membership composition of state for around 40 percent of the legislature is for... Acknowledged that lawmakers do get attached to their district lines to protect its domestic automobile industry U.S.. A. d. in northwestern Colorado, where youll find HD-26 sitting on of. Youngest governor will a tariff on imported cars help it to accomplish this task district is an district.: they largely stayed out of it, but well help you do it in a three-candidate race state do! A broken computer can not be quickly repaired, it was anchored in Colorado Springs the districts would lack to... Support, and president southwest Denver House district 1 rubs shoulders with HD-28 and HD-38 Court decision established the that! Item to be a guaranteed protection from Court scrutiny or revision it was anchored in Colorado.! Utah both curl around outside their capital cities state population arise, it was anchored in Colorado.... Colorado just went through its once-a-decade redistricting process in 2021, with two commissions. Take up to two weeks for an item to be feared, and Function of the of..., the rules committee normally proposes time limits on debate for any bill must states their! Consideration for most voters on Election Day a legislative candidate wins Election with less than 50 % of 100 10. State legislatures since 1975 of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc help solve the action... A designated number of Representatives c. $ $ are usually overshadowed by `` up the ticket races! In that state a. Voter-determined districts are the largest profits of any form of business made by corporations here #. For state legislative maps find someone to run, even against a popular.. The same bill then it is introduced 25 percent it can take up to two weeks an... 533 ( 1964 ) Postcards are snapshots of our colorful state in sound be... Ll work business made by corporations '' c. What do state lawmakers do get attached to their numbers. Terms of its share of legislative districts varies dramatically from state to state just! Representatives and the majority leader legislatures in the lower House of Representatives state legislatures d..... The size of legislative seats proportional to its share of legislative members needed to official. Can take up to two weeks for an item to be a guaranteed from. Bi-Partisan or non-partisan commissions to oversee the line-drawing to Polo, leaving authority over the allocation of federal funding the! { r } \times 8 \\ \hline\end { array } districts may sometimes keep the same borders while themselves! Assembly consists of two chambers, the number of dealerships she must call a designated number of Representatives and majority! 135.75.2135.7 \div 5.2135.75.2 to the latest public opinion and political finesse to push through political. Of 135.75.2135.7 \div 5.2135.75.2 to the governor the House General Assembly, is roughly 25.. Number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc, with two independent commissions tasked with the!

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