In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. An internal committee comprised of the principal, two students, and two teachers hear all infractions of the rules. The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. But curriculum is just one aspect. Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. The first zone is called the core. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. What Is Socialization All About? - ThoughtCo Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. Schools and Socialization - Econlib The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. 4. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Socialized Delinquency. The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. 1.3: Methods of Socialization - Social Sci LibreTexts The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. The names given to such social groups change across time and cultural trends, although the labelling of jocks (students who participate in a lot of sports) and brains (students who excel academically) and nerds (socially excluded students) seem to span across generations. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Benefits. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. School settings often place children in heterogeneous classes with large groups of children of the same age, where they participate in very specific school-oriented activities and events. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. Students also learn their gender at school. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Tom Lee. How did you perceive other groups? Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. 1982). The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. 2010). And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. 2010). Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Agents of Socialization: Family, Schools, Peers and Media Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? What were the characteristics of popular students? Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). 2000). The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. They also found significant differences by province: students from Saskatchewan were much more likely to have university options than those in British Columbia, Alberta, or Ontario. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Adults who were homeschool as kids are civically engaged and well adjusted. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in 2. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. 6. Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. Sweet et al. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them.

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